Cocaine In The Early 20th Century Essay - 755 Words

Deion Alexander 08/28/2016 Research Paper Cocaine Hydrochloride in the early 20th century was used in many ways. Some may say that small doses were added to the drink Coca Cola, that’s where the name come from. I feel as if this is true because Coca Cola is slightly addictive. The original formula of coca cola did have 25mg of cocaine per 100ml of drink. That formula was used as a stimulant for headaches. Cocaine Hydrochloride was an ingredient in patent medicines, tonics, elixirs, and fluid extracts. With the right amount it could save and cure you but if you were given more than needed you would get addicted. Doctors knew what would happen to a patient if they were given to much therefore they created something called the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 was made and passed to put a restriction on the legal use of the cocaine. This was made because once the patient was cured and well their body was still craving the drug. In the 1930’s the cocaine demand was lower because with this act and the creation of amphetamine. There were still a few people doing cocaine for recreation use. The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 was starting to fail in the 60’s as the use of cocaine started to increase again. This time people were not using it to get well. They were using it as recreation then they was going back to their normal lives. It’s almost like people use using it as a hobby therefore it was labeled harmless. It was harmless because only aShow MoreRelatedTreatment And Treatment Of Rehabilitation954 Words   |  4 Pagesworked because records were not kept. In the 19th century, the medical profession had made extraordinary strides with respect to medical healing; morphine was identified as the active ingredient in opium (a drug that had been used for over 3,000 years) had become the doctor’s most reliable prescription to control the pain of disease and injury. 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Orsat Gas Analysis Free Essays

Orsat Gas Analysis Experiment I. Objectives To analyze the dry exhaust gas (DEG) from a combustion system using the Orsat apparatus. II. We will write a custom essay sample on Orsat Gas Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apparatus As shown in figure, the Orsat apparatus consists of a water-jacketed 100-m1 burette B connected at its top to a glass manifold M and at its bottom to a leveling bottle L. The glass manifold M is connected to three reagent bulbs called pipettes P1, P2 and P3 via three cocks C1, C2 and C3. Each tube is filed with its own absorbing chemical solution: P1: potassium hydroxide (30 % w/v) to absorb CO2 P2: alkaline pyrogallol to absorb 02 P3: cuprous chloride in hydrochloric acid to absorb CO. Pipettes P1 and P2 are partly filled with glass tubes to increase the contact surface area between liquid and glass. P3 contains copper wire to protect acid against possible oxidation. The 3-way cock C4 is used to connect manifold M to the atmosphere (via suction pump SP), to connect it to the sampler tube or to isolate the trapped gas. III. Procedure a) Preparatory Steps -Fill the system with water chemicals as applicable. -By opening one of the cocks C1, C2, C3 at a time and keeping all other cocks close, and manipulating bottle L bring the solution in each pipette to the top mark on the stem of the pipette. Then close the isolating cock. -Now connect the sampler line to suction pump SP by turning the 3-way valve C4. Operate the pump to purge all air from the sampler line. b) Trapping the Gas Sample -By turning the cock C4 connect the glass manifold M to the sampler line. -Lower bottle L slowly until the water level in burette B is slightly below the zero mark on the scale. Then close C4 and disconnect the sampler line. -Slightly lift cock C4 off its seat to equalize the pressure inside burette B with the ambient pressure. Then raise bottle L gently until water level in the burette coincides with the zero mark. This ensures that the burette now contains 100 ml of exhaust gas at atmospheric pressure. c) Absorption of Gas Constituents The following steps should be done for each pipette, one at a time, in the order P1 then P2 then P3. -Open cock C1, and slowly raise bottle L to allow the gas to flow into pipette P1 until water in the pipette reaches the (100)-mark. -Slowly lower bottle L to let gas leave pipette P1 and re-enter burette B until the chemical solution in pipette P1 reaches the top mark on its stem. Close C1. -Bring the levels of water in burette B and bottle L to coincide. Read the scale on burette B to get the volume of CO2 absorbed, measured at atmospheric pressure. -Repeat this procedure a few times until the reading becomes constant which means that all CO2 has been absorbed. Then close cock C1. -For the next pipettes, the volume absorbed is obtained as the difference between the current scale reading and the one just preceding it. IV-a Experiment No. 1: Get acquainted with the apparatus and the procedure by measuring the volume fraction of 02 in atmospheric air. A value of 79% should be obtained. IV-b Experiment No. : Measure the volume fractions of CO2 and 02 in a sample of dry combustion products from the continuous combustion unit in the heat engines laboratory (fired with LPG). V. Requirements 1. Your report about the experiment should be detailed. In particular you should write the combustion equation assuming the fuel composition to be unknown, and representing it by an equivalent hydrocarbon CxHy. Show details of your calculations. 2. Based on the results of the dry exhaust gas analysis, calculate: (a) The atom ratio (y/x) in the fuel formula b) The air/fuel ratio [A/F] (c) The relative air/fuel ratio ? 3. Compare your results under item (2-a) with the volumetric composition of LPG as consisting of 30% propane C3H8 and 70% butane C4H10. v. Observations Ambient Conditions: PA= KPa, TA= OC Zero Reading Ro= ml – Vsample= 100-Ro= CO2 Reading RCO2= ml – VCO2= RCO2-Ro= O2 Reading RO2= ml – VO2= RO2-RCO2= CO Reading RCO= ml – VCO= RCO-RO2= Volume of Nitrogen – VN2= 100-RN2= How to cite Orsat Gas Analysis, Essay examples

Subway Segmentation free essay sample

There are different attributes and factors which are under the influence of target market for the services which the subway offers to its market. Here many variables influence the market segmentation for â€Å"sub of the day†. Coming to the segmentation strategy it is essential to know what the customer is considering from the services provided by the subway. The segmentation strategies can be described more effectively in many different variables which results in the marketing segmentation, there are different forms of segmentations available like the democratic, geographic, behavioral and psychographic segmentation. Gillian Mc Ghee, 2008) The psychographic segmentation is something depending on the interest, activities, attitudes and hobbies of the customers towards the products and the dignity of loyalty maintained. What the people look around is the cheaper cost food item which suits the pockets of the many college going adults as the concept is something related to the va lue for money. We will write a custom essay sample on Subway Segmentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This segmentation strategy is considered under a light, medium and heavy group and is based on different types of social classes. The behavioral segmentation is based on the various responses generated through the utilization of the product. This segmentation is purely related to attitudes. It also relate to what a customer is getting benefited from, there are different variables which do occurs at different situations like the demand for the turkeys are more at the time of Christmas timing and different items at different situations. The approach is basically described in two ways one is the benefit part and the other is usage. The demographic segmentation is something related to the age group, gender, lifecycle and income. And according to subway it majorly acts on the principle of concentrating on the age group in between 18 to 39years mostly the people are either studying or working. We can observe the change in the products which are consumed by different age groups. So it is a strategy that involves the promotion of the item which meets the requirements of differentage groups. The segmentation of gender comes under dressing, clothing and other facts. The other popular way for attraction is the discount offers made on the products which directly appeals the customers of low incomes. The geographic segmentation is related to various strategical segments like the country, location, towns and cities. This strategical segmentation is totally based on the regions where the choice of holding a different variety of customers are noticed and are sub categorized for the easy access. The segmentation divides the markets into various groups of geographic areas with people having different characters and behaviors. If we take the preference of what the other region customers prefer like the Asian, European, united states of America the subway worldwide sell the burgers which are aimedat the private markets, for example if we choose that the burgersare made from the lamb from the Asian continent and if we take India as a place where beef is not preferred due to the religious matter it is the importance given to the preference. In the American continent there is an extensive usage of the chilly sauce, so different regions have different taste and acceptability of the products. Benefit segmentation is something which is difficult for satisfying the customers need. It is the best way to satisfy customized products for example if we take the two different individuals buying the same product with different reasons of purchasing them. For this reason there is a need of market segmentation. Market segmentation is that which divides the customers in various different groups and needs. Many of the segmentations are related to the buyer behavior. There is some distinction between the buying functions and those are getreflected by the democratic, psychographic, geographic profiles. Many of the segmentations analysis are purely based on the different type of cluster analysis. There are better ways to identify which segmentation is more important, and are different techniques involved in the cluster. There are different segment codes applied to segments. The use of segmentation is useful while having limited resource availability for deploying. This kind of segmentation makes the firms to use fewer resources satisfying a variety of customers with the products availability ranging in different advertising activity. Through the segmentation least profitable customer is identified through focusing on the products and the services. Also improvement in the loyal relationships makes the services improvement through the products. Whole usage of the resources and meeting the customer’s needs accordingly. There is a chance of getting benefited through lowering the cost of the products and their services offered. Grouping the people in a set of factors which includes the size, organization, the kind of lifestyle that the people are having and their behavior and kind of attitude all this comes under the geographic location. (Gillian Mc Ghee, 2008)